From the 1830s, women of color preach, speak, and write on abolition, women’s rights, and other issues. Maria Stewart is the first to speak to mixed audiences; (clockwise, from bottom) Jarena Lee preaches on the evils of slavery; Sojourner Truth is a noted speaker; Frances Harper is a poet, author, and orator; Mary Ann Shadd Cary (not shown) publishes The Provincial Freeman; Anna Julia Cooper pens A Voice from the South; Ida B. Wells writes and lectures on lynching; and Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin publishes The Woman’s Era and issues “the Call,” leading to the NACW. Building on the 19th century Black press, the NAACP’s journal, The Crisis (below), covers woman’s suffrage and the Chicago Defender chronicles The Great Migration (1920). Charlotta Bass is a passionate activist and journalist who publishes the California Eagle and, in 1952, is the first woman of color to run for Vice President.